Diagnosis guide for clinicians

Alpha-gal syndrome: when to suspect it and what to test

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Alpha-gal syndrome is a potentially life-threatening allergy to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose, a molecule made by most mammals but not by people, that can follow tick bites.Source CDC overview

Commins writes that reactions typically come hours after eating, which leads patients to overlook food and clinicians to overlook the delay.

Source Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

In a 2022 CDC survey of 1,500 US clinicians, 42% had never heard of alpha-gal syndrome and only 5% felt very confident diagnosing it.

Source CDC clinician knowledge survey

2 to 6 hoursUsual delay from eating red meat or dairy to symptoms, per the CDCCDC symptoms page

42%Share of 1,500 surveyed US primary care clinicians who had never heard of AGS (CDC, 2023)CDC clinician knowledge survey

Up to 450,000People in the US who may be affected, per the CDC; more than 110,000 suspected cases were identified from 2010 to 2022CDC overview

Z91.014ICD-10-CM code, allergy to mammalian meatsNLM ICD-10-CM lookup

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Patterns to test Red flags Often mistaken for What to test Family screening ICD-10 codes Once confirmed For the patient

Patterns that should prompt a test for Alpha-gal syndrome

Each sign below is common on its own, which is why Alpha-gal syndrome is missed. Published studies describe these combinations as the picture to act on. Rows are ordered from the highest published figure to the lowest, within each kind of measure.

Where testing finds it

Share of each screened or biopsied group found to have Alpha-gal syndrome, from the cited studies. A bar spans the lowest to the highest published figure.

1
Anaphylaxis in an adult or adolescent+A definite cause found on allergy evaluation
85 adults and adolescents whose anaphylaxis had a definitive cause, among 218 anaphylaxis cases at a Memphis center
Alpha-gal caused 28 of the 85 cases with a definitive cause, or 33%, more than any other cause (Pattanaik 2018).Pattanaik 2018 Memphis anaphylaxis series
33%
2
Anaphylaxis labeled idiopathic+Reactions that may come hours after a meal
70 patients referred to the NIH with a diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis
Alpha-gal IgE was found in 6 of 70, or 9%, and none of the 6 reacted again on a red meat free diet (Carter 2018).Carter 2018 NIH idiopathic anaphylaxis study
9%

How often diagnosed patients show it

Share of patients already diagnosed who had the finding, in the group named on each row. Groups differ by age and type, so read each row with its group.

1
Abdominal pain, vomiting or diarrhea after mammalian meat+No hives, wheeze or drop in blood pressure
91 children and adults with alpha-gal allergy who reacted to an observed meat challenge, in 2 pooled cohorts
On challenge, 37 of 91, or 40.7%, reacted with GI symptoms alone, and children were more likely than adults to react that way (McGill 2024).McGill 2024 meat challenge study
40.7%

Also described, without a comparable figure

Hives, swelling or anaphylaxis 2 to 6 hours after mammalian meat + Earlier tick bites, especially bites that itched for a long time + Onset in adulthood or late childhood: No measured share for this combination was found; Platts-Mills and colleagues, from talks with allergists, estimate at least 80% of cases fit this classic picture.Platts-Mills 2020 review
Recurrent urticaria or angioedema with no cause found + Or recurrent, episodic abdominal cramping with no cause found + Living in a tick-endemic area: No yield figure was found; Commins suggests alpha-gal IgE testing for these presentations in tick-endemic areas.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Unexplained abdominal pain, diarrhea or nausea + Seen in a gastroenterology practice within lone star tick range: No diagnosed share was reported; 32.3% tested IgE positive, and 82% of 122 positives with follow-up improved on a mammal-free diet (Richards 2021).Richards 2021 Virginia GI practice study

These figures describe published study groups. They are not the chance that any one patient has Alpha-gal syndrome, and bars whose ranges overlap are not in a settled order.

Red flags for Alpha-gal syndrome

What the cited sources describe, grouped by life stage and organ. Each line links to its source.

Reaction pattern

Hives, itching, swelling of the lips, tongue or eyelids, or anaphylaxis, usually 2 to 6 hours after red meat or dairy, per the CDC.CDC symptoms page
Waking in the night with symptoms after an evening meal, which AAAAI describes; its patient page places onset 3 to 8 hours after eating.AAAAI patient page
Symptoms can come on rapidly and be severe despite the delay, and Platts-Mills and colleagues note the delay does not predict severity.Platts-Mills 2020 review
Reactions that do not follow every meal; the AGA update says fatty cuts, NSAIDs, exercise and alcohol can raise the risk and severity.AGA clinical practice update
Years of eating meat without trouble before reactions began, which Commins and colleagues found in most of their early patients.Commins 2011 tick bite study

Gut-only presentations

Recurrent abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting without skin, respiratory or circulatory symptoms, a GI phenotype the AGA calls increasingly recognized.AGA clinical practice update
Waking at night with GI distress, which the AGA update says may suggest alpha-gal given the usual hours of delay.AGA clinical practice update
On observed meat challenge, 37 of 91 alpha-gal allergic patients, or 40.7%, reacted with GI symptoms alone and no skin or breathing signs.McGill 2024 meat challenge study

Tick and outdoor exposure

Lone star tick bites in the US, and less often blacklegged or western blacklegged tick bites, according to the CDC.CDC overview
Living in South, East or Central states, where the CDC says most reported cases and most lone star ticks occur.CDC overview
A history of tick bites or outdoor pursuits, which the AGA update says puts patients at higher risk for the allergy.AGA clinical practice update
Hunting, which the CDC says carries heightened risk because hunters spend more time outdoors in thick grass and woods.CDC overview
A history of prolonged itching at tick bite sites, which Platts-Mills and colleagues found was a significant predictor of sensitization.Platts-Mills 2020 review
Larval or chigger bites can support the diagnosis, though Commins notes that having no remembered tick bite is not uncommon.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
The CDC says symptoms can begin weeks to months after the tick bite that preceded them.CDC symptoms page

Medicines and medical products

Anaphylaxis to a cetuximab infusion; the AGA update notes the early patients had no identified allergy to mammalian products beforehand.AGA clinical practice update
Commins writes that reactions to intravascular products can be immediate, unlike the delayed reactions that follow eating.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Reactions after porcine or bovine heart valves, monoclonal antibodies, heparin or certain antivenoms, which the CDC lists as products that may contain alpha-gal.CDC product list
New itching after starting pancreatic enzyme replacement, which Commins reports first revealed the syndrome in some of his patients.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Unexplained anaphylaxis, hives or swelling

Anaphylaxis labeled idiopathic; in an NIH series, 6 of 70 referred patients had alpha-gal IgE and no further anaphylaxis on a red meat free diet.Carter 2018 NIH idiopathic anaphylaxis study
Commins suggests alpha-gal IgE testing in tick-endemic areas for idiopathic anaphylaxis, recurrent urticaria or angioedema and episodic GI cramping.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Children

Children made up about 12% of 1 published cohort, and Commins notes GI symptoms and physical activity such as sports often feature in their reactions.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
In the pooled meat challenge study, children were more likely than adults to react with GI symptoms alone.McGill 2024 meat challenge study
The CDC says most reported cases are in adults, but people of all ages can develop alpha-gal syndrome.CDC overview

Alpha-gal syndrome is often mistaken for

Diagnoses patients commonly carry first, and why the sources say they are confused.

First diagnosis	Why it is confused
Irritable bowel syndrome or another functional GI disorder	The AGA update says patients with GI-only alpha-gal syndrome may otherwise be diagnosed with IBS or other functional GI illness.AGA clinical practice update
Chronic spontaneous urticaria	Commins writes that telling the 2 apart can be hard, which leads to misdiagnosis, and that in some patients they overlap.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Idiopathic anaphylaxis	Alpha-gal IgE explained anaphylaxis in 6 of 70 NIH referrals labeled idiopathic, and delayed reactions are easily overlooked.Carter 2018 NIH idiopathic anaphylaxis study
Surgical abdomen	Commins reports patients with alpha-gal syndrome who had exploratory surgery, gallbladder or appendix removal, or partial pancreatectomy.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
A mast cell disorder alone	Of the 6 alpha-gal positive NIH patients, 2 also had indolent systemic mastocytosis, showing that the 2 conditions can coexist.Carter 2018 NIH idiopathic anaphylaxis study
Cow's milk allergy or pork-cat syndrome	Platts-Mills and colleagues describe cow's milk protein allergy with rapid onset, and a pork-cat IgE pattern in some people reporting red meat allergy.Platts-Mills 2020 review

Codes patients often carry before this diagnosis

For spotting the pattern in a problem list or registry. Descriptions are checked daily against NLM's ICD-10-CM service; this is not coding advice.

Allergic, idiopathic or unspecified urticaria L50.0, L50.1, L50.9

Commins writes that alpha-gal syndrome is hard to tell from chronic spontaneous urticaria and is misdiagnosed as it.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Angioneurotic edema, initial encounter T78.3XXA

Commins suggests alpha-gal IgE testing for recurrent urticaria or angioedema in tick-endemic areas.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Anaphylactic shock, unspecified, or anaphylaxis due to unspecified food T78.2XXA, T78.00XA

Alpha-gal IgE explained 6 of 70 NIH referrals for anaphylaxis labeled idiopathic.Carter 2018 NIH idiopathic anaphylaxis study

Irritable bowel syndrome, unspecified K58.9

The AGA update says GI-only alpha-gal syndrome may otherwise be diagnosed as IBS or another functional GI illness.AGA clinical practice update

Generalized or unspecified abdominal pain, or nausea with vomiting R10.84, R10.9, R11.2

The AGA update advises alpha-gal IgE testing for unexplained abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting in endemic areas.AGA clinical practice update

Anaphylaxis to a correctly given drug, initial encounter T88.6XXA

Severe reactions to cetuximab infusions led to the discovery of alpha-gal IgE, according to the AGA update.AGA clinical practice update

Testing for Alpha-gal syndrome, step by step

The testing order the cited guidance describes, by who it applies to. It summarizes published guidance and is not a plan for any one patient.

Anyone with suspected alpha-gal syndrome

Detailed history and examination
The CDC says diagnosis rests on history, examination and a blood test, weighed with symptoms, delayed timing and tick or outdoor exposure.CDC clinical testing page
Alpha-gal specific IgE
The CDC names alpha-gal sIgE, LOINC 73837-7, as the main diagnostic test and says several large commercial laboratories offer it.CDC clinical testing page
What counts as positive
Commins writes that no titer confirms the diagnosis, and most authorities call above 0.1IU/mL positive, with reported sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92.3%.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Reading the level
Platts-Mills and colleagues say 2IU/mL or more, or over 2% of total IgE, makes the diagnosis very likely, and they often measure total IgE too.Platts-Mills 2020 review
Skin testing
The CDC says skin tests to pork or beef may also be used to help diagnose alpha-gal syndrome.CDC clinical testing page
Which skin test
Commins reports that prick tests with meat extracts are unreliable, while intradermal tests or prick-prick tests with cooked meat give more consistent results.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Patients with GI symptoms only

When to test GI symptoms
The AGA update advises serum alpha-gal IgE for unexplained abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, particularly in people who live or lived in endemic areas.AGA clinical practice update
Red flags that point elsewhere
The AGA update says clinicians should consider not testing patients with anemia, GI bleeding or weight loss, because the allergy does not cause them.AGA clinical practice update
Confirming a GI diagnosis
The AGA update calls for symptom improvement on an alpha-gal avoidance diet for at least a month, followed by re-evaluation, alongside a raised IgE.AGA clinical practice update

Seronegative patients with compelling symptoms

Negative IgE with a convincing history
Commins describes beef, pork, lamb and gelatin IgE, cetuximab skin testing and basophil activation tests, which clarified 41 of 52 such cases.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Selected patients at experienced allergy centers

Oral food challenge
The AGA update says the hours of delay and inconsistent reactions make formal oral food challenge impractical for routine care.AGA clinical practice update
Challenge risks
Commins reports that 15% to 20% of challenge reactions need epinephrine or emergency transport, and about 10% of challenges are falsely negative.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients

Where testing goes wrong

The CDC says a positive alpha-gal sIgE test does not mean a person has alpha-gal syndrome, particularly where lone star ticks live.CDC clinical testing page
In a 2026 CDC blood donor study, estimated seroprevalence ranged from 1.1% in Washington to 31.2% in Arkansas.CDC blood donor seroprevalence study
The same CDC report says only a small minority of seropositive people have AGS and advises testing only patients with compatible symptoms.CDC blood donor seroprevalence study
The AGA update says a positive IgE alone is not enough, especially with isolated GI distress, because sensitized people often eat meat without symptoms.AGA clinical practice update
In the 2022 CDC survey, 22.1% of clinicians aware of AGS chose IgG to alpha-gal and 12.4% chose PCR, tests the survey scored as wrong.CDC clinician knowledge survey
The survey authors warn that some clinicians may diagnose AGS from symptoms or testing alone and recommend diet changes where none are warranted.CDC clinician knowledge survey
In a UNC series of 28 patients, the correct diagnosis or a diagnosing referral came in under 10% of more than 100 medical encounters.Flaherty 2017 path to diagnosis study
Skin prick tests with mammalian meat usually gave wheals under 4mm in the first 24 patients, while intradermal tests gave larger, more consistent responses.Commins 2009 first case series
Tolerating meat once does not exclude the allergy, because the AGA update says reactions often do not happen after every exposure.AGA clinical practice update
Commins reports that 16% of patients in a cohort of over 200 noted symptoms within 2 hours of eating mammalian meat.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Commins writes that the alpha-gal IgE titer does not predict reaction severity, while the dose eaten and co-factors such as alcohol shape it.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Sources differ on the test: AAAAI's patient page calls alpha-gal IgE investigational, while the CDC says several large commercial laboratories offer it.AAAAI patient page
For harm avoidance, the CDC lists gelatin, glycerin, magnesium stearate and bovine extract as ingredients that may contain alpha-gal, though not all patients react.CDC product list
Commins reports routine DVT-dose heparin has been tolerated by most patients, but favors talking with the surgical team before high-dose heparin or valve procedures.Commins 2020 review of 2,500 patients
Platts-Mills and colleagues write that evidence of alpha-gal on monoclonal antibodies other than cetuximab is minimal.Platts-Mills 2020 review
A CSTE value set in NLM's VSAC lists Z91.014, allergy to mammalian meats, as its only ICD-10-CM code for alpha-gal syndrome.NLM VSAC alpha-gal value set

Where to test

Alpha-gal sIgE through a commercial laboratory: The CDC says alpha-gal sIgE tests are available at several large commercial laboratories and may be available at some academic institutions. Alpha-gal sIgE is an antibody test, not a genetic test of any kind.CDC clinical testing page

Family screening and referral

Who else in the family

Alpha-gal syndrome is acquired, not inherited; the CDC attributes it to tick bites and diagnoses it with an antibody blood test.CDC overview
In a CDC case-control study, patients more often had a family history of AGS than controls did.Taylor 2024 CDC case-control study
Those authors say some risk traits are genetic, but common behaviors among households and family units likely also contribute.Taylor 2024 CDC case-control study
The CDC says the best way to protect yourself and your family from AGS is to prevent tick bites, including around the home.CDC overview
The CDC blood donor report advises that health care providers should only test patients with clinically compatible symptoms.CDC blood donor seroprevalence study

Who to refer to

The CDC says alpha-gal syndrome should be managed under the care of an allergist or other healthcare provider.CDC overview
The AGA update advises referral to an allergist when reactions include facial or throat swelling, voice change, breathing trouble, hives or fainting.AGA clinical practice update
Those patients are at risk for anaphylaxis and need formal counseling on epinephrine autoinjector use, according to the same update.AGA clinical practice update
The AGA update suggests gastroenterologists work with local dietitians and raise their awareness of AGS before referring patients.AGA clinical practice update
In the UNC series, more patients found an allergist who knew the condition on their own than through referral, 43% against 36%.Flaherty 2017 path to diagnosis study
AGS is not nationally notifiable, but the CDC says some states require reporting and encourages all jurisdictions to report cases.CDC clinical testing page

Find a specialist by state

From the CMS NPI Registry, a public directory of US clinicians by registered specialty. A listing is not an endorsement and says nothing about experience with Alpha-gal syndrome; patient organizations and academic centers can often name experienced clinicians.

ICD-10-CM codes for Alpha-gal syndrome

For orders, referrals and prior authorization. Each code is checked daily against NLM's ICD-10-CM service.

Z91.014Allergy to mammalian meatsCurrent in NLM's ICD-10-CM listNLM ICD-10-CM lookup

Once the diagnosis is confirmed

Open trials: 3Screen a de-identified patient against every recruiting Alpha-gal syndrome study on ClinicalTrials.gov.Patient and family pageThe plain-language Alpha-gal syndrome page, with trials, treatments and help paying.

For the patient: why your doctor ordered this test

Plain language a patient can read or take home.

Your doctor ordered this blood test because your reactions could be a sign of alpha-gal syndrome, often called AGS.

AGS is an allergy to a sugar found in red meat, dairy and some other products that come from mammals.

It usually starts after certain tick bites, and it is not something that is passed down in families through genes.

Reactions often come several hours after eating, which makes it easy to miss the link between the meal and the hives or stomach pain.

A positive test alone does not prove AGS, and your doctor will look at the result together with your symptoms.

The CDC says to get emergency care right away for a severe allergic reaction, such as throat swelling or trouble breathing.

Your doctor or an allergist can explain which foods, medicines and medical products may matter for you.

Questions clinicians ask about Alpha-gal syndrome testing

Which combinations of findings should prompt testing for alpha-gal syndrome?

In published screening and biopsy studies, the highest yields came from anaphylaxis in an adult or adolescent plus a definite cause found on allergy evaluation (33% of 85 adults and adolescents whose anaphylaxis had a definitive cause, among 218 anaphylaxis cases at a Memphis center), and from anaphylaxis labeled idiopathic plus reactions that may come hours after a meal (9% of 70 patients referred to the NIH with a diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis). Among patients already diagnosed, the most common combination began with abdominal pain, vomiting or diarrhea after mammalian meat, seen in 40.7% of 91 children and adults with alpha-gal allergy who reacted to an observed meat challenge, in 2 pooled cohorts. These figures describe study groups, not any one patient's chance of having alpha-gal syndrome.

What blood test diagnoses alpha-gal syndrome?

The alpha-gal specific IgE test, LOINC 73837-7, is the main diagnostic test, according to the CDC, and several large commercial laboratories offer it. The CDC adds that a positive result does not by itself mean a person has AGS. It says to weigh the result with symptoms, delayed timing and a history of tick bites or outdoor exposure.

What alpha-gal IgE level is considered positive?

Most clinical authorities call a result above 0.1IU/mL positive, Commins writes, though no titer is established as diagnostic. The CSTE surveillance definition, cited by the CDC, uses 0.1kU/L or higher. Platts-Mills and colleagues say a level of 2IU/mL or more, or over 2% of total IgE, makes the diagnosis very likely.

Can alpha-gal syndrome cause only GI symptoms?

Yes; the AGA describes a GI phenotype with abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting and no skin or breathing symptoms. On observed meat challenge, 37 of 91 alpha-gal allergic patients reacted with GI symptoms alone. The AGA update says a positive IgE alone is not enough and looks for improvement on an avoidance diet over at least a month.

How long after eating red meat do alpha-gal reactions start?

Usually 2 to 6 hours after eating, according to the CDC, though published sources give different windows. The AAAAI patient page cites 3 to 8 hours, and Commins reports that 16% of a cohort of over 200 noted symptoms within 2 hours. Commins adds that reactions to intravascular products such as cetuximab can be immediate.

Should patients with idiopathic anaphylaxis be tested for alpha-gal?

Several published experts support testing in tick-endemic areas, and Commins suggests alpha-gal IgE testing for idiopathic anaphylaxis, recurrent urticaria or angioedema there. In an NIH series of 70 patients referred with idiopathic anaphylaxis, 6 had alpha-gal IgE. None of the 6 had further anaphylaxis on a red meat free diet.

Which medicines and medical products matter in alpha-gal syndrome?

The CDC lists porcine or bovine heart valves, monoclonal antibodies, heparin and certain antivenoms as products that may contain alpha-gal. Commins reports that routine DVT-dose heparin has been tolerated by most patients, while high-dose heparin calls for a talk with the surgical team. The CDC says decisions about specific vaccines and medications are made with the patient's clinicians.

What is the ICD-10 code for alpha-gal syndrome?

Z91.014, allergy to mammalian meats, per NLM's ICD-10-CM lookup checked November 10, 2026. A CSTE value set in NLM's VSAC lists Z91.014 as its only ICD-10-CM code for alpha-gal syndrome.

Sources

Clinical Diagnosis and Testing (Alpha-gal Syndrome, for health care providers). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (updated January 5, 2026; reviewed October 30, 2026), 2026-01-05.
About Alpha-gal Syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 2026-01-05.
Symptoms of Alpha-gal Syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 2026-01-05.
Fast Facts: Products That May Contain Alpha-gal. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, 2026-01-05.
Health Care Provider Knowledge Regarding Alpha-gal Syndrome, United States, March to May 2022. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2023;72(30):809-814 (Carpenter A et al; coauthor Commins reports UpToDate royalties and Genentech and Regeneron payments), 2023-07-28.
Alpha-gal Immunoglobulin E Seroprevalence Among Blood Donors, 10 States, 2024 to 2025. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2026;75(25) (Salzer JS et al), 2026-07-02.
AGA Clinical Practice Update on Alpha-Gal Syndrome for the GI Clinician: Commentary. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2023;21(4):891-896 (McGill SK, Hashash JG, Platts-Mills TA; Platts-Mills reports ThermoFisher/Phadia research support), via PubMed; full text read in the American University of Beirut repository copy, 2023-04.
Alpha-gal, Red Meat Allergy and Tick Bites. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, Conditions Library, 2026-08-27.
Diagnosis and Management of Patients with the α-Gal Syndrome. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice 2020;8(1):15-23 (Platts-Mills TAE et al; lead author holds a patent on an alpha-gal IgE assay and reports Thermo-Fisher/Phadia assay support), via PubMed Central, 2019-09-28.
Diagnosis & management of alpha-gal syndrome: lessons from 2,500 patients. Expert Review of Clinical Immunology 2020;16(7):667-677 (Commins SP; reports NIH and CDC grants, Genentech speaker's bureau and UpToDate royalties), via PubMed Central, 2020-07-08.
Delayed anaphylaxis, angioedema, or urticaria after consumption of red meat in patients with IgE antibodies specific for galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2009;123(2):426-433 (Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA et al), via PubMed abstract, 2009-02.
The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2011;127(5):1286-1293 (Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA et al), via PubMed abstract; funding and disclosures not seen, 2011-05.
Diagnosis of Life-Threatening Alpha-Gal Food Allergy Appears to Be Patient Driven. Journal of Primary Care and Community Health 2017;8(4):345-348 (Flaherty MG, Kaplan SJ, Jerath MR; no conflicts declared), via PubMed abstract, 2017-04-27.
Gastrointestinal-isolated Distress is Common in Alpha-gal Allergic Patients on Mammalian Meat Challenge. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2024;58(1):80-84 (McGill SK, Commins SP et al; Platts-Mills reports Thermofisher/Phadia support, Commins reports Genentech and UpToDate), via PubMed abstract, 2024-01-01.
Identification of alpha-gal sensitivity in patients with a diagnosis of idiopathic anaphylaxis. Allergy 2018;73(5):1131-1134 (Carter MC, Metcalfe DD et al, NIAID; Platts-Mills reports Thermo Fisher/Phadia grants), via PubMed abstract, 2017-12-27.
Intrinsic risk factors for alpha-gal syndrome in a case-control study, 2019 to 2020. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2024;132(6):759-764 (Taylor ML, Commins SP et al, CDC and UNC; Commins reports Genentech and UpToDate), via PubMed abstract, 2024-02-08.
Alpha gal syndrome (Disorders) (ICD10CM), value set 2.16.840.1.113762.1.4.1146.1419, version 20220118, CSTE steward (published listing of the NLM VSAC package). National Library of Medicine Value Set Authority Center, via HL7 FHIR package listing, 2022-01-18.
ICD-10-CM search results for "Z91.014" (Clinical Table Search Service). National Library of Medicine, 2026-11-10.
The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology 2018;121(5):594-597 (Pattanaik D, Lieberman P et al), via PubMed abstract; funding and disclosures not seen, 2018-07-30.
Alpha-Gal Allergy as a Cause of Intestinal Symptoms in a Gastroenterology Community Practice. Southern Medical Journal 2021;114(3):169-173 (Richards NE, Richards RD Jr), via PubMed abstract; funding and disclosures not seen, 2021-03.

A reference for licensed professionals, checked against its sources on November 10, 2026. It summarizes what the cited guidance says and does not tell anyone how to diagnose or treat a specific patient. Guidelines change; the current guideline and the treating clinician's judgment govern. Trial Friend is an independent information service, not a medical provider.